Americas Unique Legislative Process as it Relates to Health Policy

The Legislative wing of the US government is charged with the responsibility of making laws and having oversight over the Executive arm of government. This means that any effort by the Executive to institute major reforms in the country has to go through the Legislature since most reforms must be instituted through statutes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on America’s Unique Legislative Process as it Relates to Health Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This doesn’t always happen since both arms of government don’t always see eye to eye and the losers are mainly the US citizens. The health sector is one of the most fundamental areas of the American society and laws regulating the sector have dire consequences for the lives of all American people. It is therefore important that the Legislature works closely with the Executive to ensure that necessary laws meant to make health accessible to a ll are passed and assented to by the president. The American Legislature is unique on several grounds in its mandate of making laws and having oversight over other arms of government. The Legislature has two houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Laws therefore have to pass both houses before they can make their way to the president’s desk for assent (The White House, 2011). This might sound straight forward and simple but it’s a complicated process and the possibility of any bill to complete the process is slim. The underlying principle is to ensure that only bills which are comprehensive, worthy and suitable for our society make it through the two houses and become law. In reality, this means that most bills regarding health issues die during the long process bills undergo before they become laws. Times topics (2011) have also shown that even bills which pass congress can be contested in a court of law by those officials who feel that the laws passed un fairly. To understand the factors that dictate the life of any health related bill, it is necessary to understand the various factors which promote or hinder the success of such a bill. The health sector is unique and diverse and the number of players in this field makes the process of making laws for this sector complicated. The health sector consists of health professionals and the facilities which they manage and operate. These include hospitals both public and private, nursing homes, therapy centres among others. Professionals in these institutions include doctors, nurses, technicians and many others.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Medical companies are also considered to be stakeholders in the health sector since their products, drugs and equipments, are the vital components which doctors and other practitioners use to treat patients. These corporations are huge and have enormous influence over the way congress approach the issue of health. This sector cannot be reformed without evaluating the role of insurance companies especially those in the business of providing health cover to Americans. America is the only major power without universal health coverage and private insurance companies play a major role in the sector since a majority of the American people depend on insurance to pay their medical bills. Armed with the above information, it is therefore possible to appreciate the kind of hurdles any health bill would have to jump before it can see the light of day in its intended form. Any bill brought before Congress not only depends on the will of the elected officials but requires input from the people and all the relevant stakeholders. This means that stakeholders like big insurance companies and medical companies have the resources and influence to affect the legislative process to ensure that bills that favor them pass and those detrime ntal to them dies. Needless to say the president still holds veto power over bills and can refuse to assent to bills he deems biased or unfavorable to the country. Both houses would need a two thirds majority if they are to override a presidential veto, a fact which shows how interdependent the legislative process is with the other arms of government. References The White House. (2011).The Legislative Branch. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/the-legislative-branch/ Times Topics. (2011, December 6). Health Care Reform. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/health-care-reformAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on America’s Unique Legislative Process as it Relates to Health Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on America’s Unique Legislative Process as it Relates to Health Policy was written and submitted by user Mya K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog The Lisa Simpson BookClub

The Lisa Simpson BookClub If Lisa Simpson is wrong, then we don’t want to be right! If you’re familiar with The Simpsons, then you know that Lisa Simpson is the brains of the bunch- with an IQ of 159, the eight-year-old is nothing short of brilliant with a heart of gold to match. Between her social activism and humanitarian efforts, the feminist icon is constantly reading the densest works of literature that far exceed the expectations of the average second grader. We could all take a page from Lisa Simpson’s book. Better yet, we could all read the pages of Lisa Simpson’s favorite books by becoming a part of The Lisa Simpson Book Club. All of the titles Lisa reads on the show have been compiled into a list that’s been surging across the internet. Who needs to pack a lunch when Sylvia Plath can feed you instead? The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath Ghost World by Daniel Clowes Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton The Adventures of Tintin series was one of the most popular European comics of the 20th century, so of course Lisa Simpson is reading it. She’s chic, clever, and cultured! The Adventures of Tintin by Hergà © Pippi Longstocking by Astrid Lindgren Master Of The Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson by Robert Caro We have a feeling that Lisa and Hermione would be best gal pals in another life- unless they both end up having a crush on Ron Weasley. Harry Potter Series by J.K. Rowling The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan The Baby-Sitters Club by Ann M. Martin â€Å"Solitude never hurt anyone. Emily Dickinson lived alone, and she wrote some of the most beautiful poetry the world has ever known†¦ then went crazy as a loon.† The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson by Emily Dickinson The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William L. Shirer Grimms Complete Fairy Tales Reading, writing, and computing a statistical strategy to win a baseball gamewhat cant this girl do? Moneyball by Michael Lewis The work of Gore Vidal A Separate Peace by John Knowles There’s nothing like trying to soothe a beached whale with the poetry of Walt Whitman. Emerson would be so proud. Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman The work of Joyce Carol Oates Robert Pinsky Poems†¨ We know what she’s thinking: doesn’t he mean, â€Å"Woman and Superwoman†? Man and Superman by George Bernard Shaw Jane Austen: The complete Novels†¨ The Corrections by Jonathan Franzen If we had to choose one Simpson to be on our side, theres no doubt wed choose Lisa Simpson. Shes an eloquent orator, an independent thinker, and an all-around bastion of social justice. After almost thirty years on screen, Lisa continues to serve as the shows moral center and voice of reason. While the Simpsons may have experienced many changes since its inception, the one thing that remains constant is Lisas love of reading.   If reading is knowledge, and knowledge is power, then can’t we just vote for Lisa Simpson in the next election? All images via The Lisa Simpson Book Club.  Feature image via Buzzfeed.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 43

Case Study Example The current trends in the dog food category show that continued expansion of the industry is anticipated in the future, There are various ways in which dog food category can be segmented. For instance, it can be segmented into low price segment, mainstream segment, and the premium segment. The low price segment feature brands such private label, the mainstream segment feature brands such as Pedigree and Alpo while the premium feature brands such as Purina One and Iams. Of the three segments, the premium segment is believed to be of the highest quality followed by the mainstream segment and finally the low price segment. The price charged on a brand is largely dependent on the segment in which it belongs. Dog food brands from the premium segment are the most expensive among the three segments. Brand marketing has proven to be among the best business tactics in the dog food industry.  In  essence.  Brand marketing gives a company competitive advantage over the competitors. The influencers of brand purchasing of dog food are the dog owners. Some dog owners favor certain dog food brands and, therefore, they cannot buy other brands. In addition, the purchasing power of the dog owners influences brand purchasing decisions. In essence, sometimes dog owners are obliged to purchase a particular brand by their financial status. However, the trend is changing since with time the dogs eating habit have proven to influence brand purchasing decision. Some people enjoy watching their dogs eat. In this regard, they would by a brand that the dog favors. In other words, dog owners  would buy the brand the dog enjoys to eat. Some dog owners have attested that their dogs only eat certain food brand. A recent study has shown that the levels of brand loyalty have grown high due to various factors. For instance, research has shown that quality affects consumers’ loyalty to a particular brand. Brand designing and

Lifestyle choices of the Christian family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lifestyle choices of the Christian family - Essay Example A parent should never assume the role of peer. Parents also need to communicate with children about basic facts such as choice of friends, and healthy activities to engage themselves in. The family should be a cohesive unit where communication flows both ways. Qualities such as love, honesty, tolerance should be enforced so that children will be free to communicate any misunderstandings or changes to family members. Another effective way of setting limits and communicating healthy lifestyle choices is in the examples set by parents. The old adage, ‘children live what they learn’ should not be taken lightly. It is easier and more practical for children in today’s society to abide by the rules and limits set out by the family when they realize that others are also living according to those rules and boundaries. The church community has a moral responsibility in providing support and limits in our current culture. The current culture tends to hold the church up to ridicule by indicating that their Christian ideas and values are archaic. To rise above this view the church needs to implement programs that will give support to families in different areas of their lives. There are many needs that the society is not able to satisfy adequately. The church community needs to be strong and purposeful and present themselves as a viable alternative in the mix of culture that exists in today’s society. They also need to have a welcoming atmosphere (Edgell, 2005). In spite of the media and other influences many persons still believe that the church has a major role. Although it would appear at times that the family is losing the battle as the strongest influence in their child’s lives, it is not as widespread and as damaging as it appears. Other institutions in the society such as schools and other civic clubs and organizations tend to work together with the family in influencing the

Luxury Good and Gucci Essay Example for Free

Luxury Good and Gucci Essay Gucci‘s overall strategy was to vertically integrate to strengthen its overall brand image. After vertically integrating they acquired other luxury retailers to continue to grow horizontally and to increase economies of scope. The economics of the luxury goods industry changed forcing Gucci to modify its strategy. Consumers demand shifted from classic style buyers to style conscious buyers. Gucci not only had to change due to the economics of the industry but they also had several problems with their existing structure. Hence Gucci made the following moves to reposition it to compete in the new economics of the luxury goods industry. Gucci The partnership between DeSole and Ford addresses the company’s inability to have streamlined decision making and consistent branding throughout the company. By partnering product design and strategy, Gucci can now make product and business decisions that deliver a consistent message externally. All products and communications will support the brand image of a luxury goods retailer that Gucci wants to deliver to the marketplace. The cost cutting and targeted layoffs address Gucci’s poor cost structure. While profit margins were healthy, the extravagant spending by the former CEO was reducing profitability. The company had excess headcount in some areas and less in others. The layoffs improved Gucci’s cost structure and streamline the organization. Secondly, Gucci lacked the management talent to run a high end luxury company. By laying off underperforming managers and hiring experienced business executives, Gucci significantly improved the quality of its management team. The cash investment by PPR protects Gucci from hostile takeovers by competitors. The improvement in Gucci’s capital structure enables Gucci to move from an acquisition target to a potential acquirer of substitutes and new entrants. This is critical because in the fashion industry, new brands are always emerging in the market. The $3 billion dollar cash investment enables Gucci to protect its core market better. Additionally, the acquisition of YSL through the merger diversifies Gucci’s product portfolio and creates high barriers to entry. Buyers Due to changing consumer demands, Gucci started to focus on fashion in particular the â€Å"glamorous edge. † Since switching cost for consumers are low and consumers are now demanding new fashions every season focusing on seasonal trends competitively positioned Gucci against its rivals and impeded consumers from finding substitutes. Gucci changed its target consumer from an older more conservative buyer to a modern, youthful, fashion conscious one. Since all of Gucci’s competitors had the same target (30-50 year affluent women) going after a modern, youthful spirited consumer allows Gucci to focus on a different segment of the luxury market, capturing a different slice of the pie. To create loyalty, give consumers options, and to prevent consumers from switching and buying a substitute product Gucci decided to revolutionize their product assortments to correspond with the seasonal trends. In addition they increased the quality of their products comparable to Hermes and offered these products at a value to meet the consumer’s needs. Furthermore, Gucci tailored their product assortment in each DOS to local customers to attract more consumers in the local markets. To better forecast product demand for seasonal goods and to keep inventory costs down Gucci added customer intelligence to the decision making process to better understanding consumers buying behavior. In order to obtain higher profit margins and offer a comprehensive line of products it was necessary for Gucci to diversify its portfolio. Hence Gucci introduced items from scarves to fur coats. To remain focused and maintain its â€Å"luxury status†, Gucci did not introduce diffusion product lines. Gucci had initially set its prices too high hence reducing their retail prices by 30% was necessary to attract and maintain customer loyalty. In order to generate demand for the product Gucci doubled their advertising and turned Tom Ford into a celebrity hoping to attract media and attention from around the world. To restore Gucci’s image as a high end luxury goods retailer they renovated all of their stores to support this new image. In addition all internal and external communications had the same look and feel to convey a consistent brand identity. Furthermore, they reduced distribution through retail stores that didn’t support the new brand image regardless of sales. Gucci launched an official web site to create awareness and exhibit new product lines and to position themselves against their competitors. Suppliers Suppliers are a key driver of profitability—a key competitive force. Suppliers are responsible for delivering a premium product that satisfies the company’s standards in quality and that reflects Tom Ford’s creative vision. Without fast turnover to meet fashion forward trend demands and a quality product, the repositioning of the Gucci brand could not have taken place. To fulfill this vision Gucci created an incentive program to keep suppliers loyal to ensure a quality product was manufactured, on time delivery, and it would prevent the suppliers from forging relationships with Gucci’s competitors. In addition, Gucci made suppliers more efficient through technology and logistics investments, provided training for suppliers and built an EDI network allowing Gucci to efficiently communicate with partner suppliers through the production process. As more fashion products will be produced every season along with the classic products, delivery and meeting demand could become an issue if production processes are not efficient. Investing in suppliers ensures that supplier threat, which is high, is controlled and suppliers have incentives to stay with Gucci. Supplier threat is high because of there is an absence of substitutes suppliers. Switching costs are high for Gucci other suppliers may be producing for their rivals. Other suppliers may not deliver the quality and craftsmanship Gucci is expecting. In addition, other suppliers do not have experience in producing Gucci products (current suppliers have been with Gucci for long time). Hence they will have a longer learning curve slowing down the production process. There are few suppliers in specific regions: Gucci suppliers had production capacity to meet Gucci’s growth (20-30% a year). However, finding new suppliers would be going into Prada’s territory. With more growth, suppliers gained bargaining power with sub-suppliers and with Gucci. Initially, Gucci had power because suppliers worried that Gucci would go overseas for suppliers. Complementors Complementors are a not a high threat to Gucci because there only a few of them, media and advertising. Competition There are many firms in this industry because profit margins are high. However with the number and volume of MA activity on the rise, consolidation is imminent with a few big players left in the market. Consolidation among competition has given competitors lower cost structure resulting in a competitive advantage such as ad purchasing discounts and supplier negotiating power. The competitors have a diversified product portfolio to target multiple segments of the market. They dominate in particular segments, for example Hermes and leather bags. Since there is slow industry growth precipitating fights for market share is certain to occur. This may result in a high threat from competitors such as LVMH and Prada. Threat of Entry The threat of entry is low because brand identity and product differentiation has been well established in this industry. In addition, access to distribution channels is limited and the new entrant would be competing with already established channels of distribution for Gucci and others firms. Gucci and other competitors have substantial resources to fight back because they of their monetary resources and could obstruct the new entrant or buy them out.

The Hogan Personality Inventory Commerce Essay

The Hogan Personality Inventory Commerce Essay The Hogan Personality Inventory is a personality test which is a measure of normal personality and is used to predict job performance (http://www.hoganassessments.com/hogan-personality-inventory). This tool has many uses and is used by both organisations and individuals. The HPI was specifically designed to aid business and commercial use and can be used throughout the recruitment process and to identify areas of a person which could be developed. The HPI was the first personality inventory to be based on the Five-Factor Models; openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. These factors are generally accepted by psychologists as the distinct personality factors (http://www.advancedpeoplestrategies.co.uk/Hogan-Personality-Inventory-HPI.asp), although other models have been identified. These five personality traits were defined by Costa and McCrae in 1992 and they are used for understanding the relationship between personality and the behaviours of people. The HPI uses the seven primary scales to help assess personality. The HPI analyses these scales which are believed to influence managerial performance. The seven primary scales are: Adjustment. This is necessary for managers to be able to react well under pressure, remain calm in tense situations and not take problems or criticism to heart. Ambition. Managers also need to display this as this shows how decisive a person is and how they would cope with taking the lead. Managers with high ambition scores know how to communicate effectively as well as encouraging team work and leading teams well. Sociability. This reflects a managers ability to communicate with their staff, how warm, outgoing and talkative they are. Likeability. A managers ability to charm and use their communication and interpersonal skills to talk to clients and their staff. This will improve a managers skill at building teams and maintaining trust between colleagues. Prudence. Managers need to display this attribute to be dependable, conscientious and hard working. This means the leader will be loyal to their company and will treat their team members fairly. Inquisitive. This is necessary for managers to be practical and imaginative while thinking strategically about the businesses plans and goals in the long term. Learning Approach. This includes a managers desire to learn and their aptitude in their training and their school work. It can be shown that School Success is steadily and moderately correlated with measures of cognitive ability (http://www.drbobhurley.com/pdf/HPIManual.pdf). The HPI originates from a man called Robert Hogan and is sold by his company Hogan Assessments. Robert Hogan is a well known expert and international authority in psychology. According to his own website he is widely credited with demonstrating how personality factors influence organisational effectiveness in a variety of areas (http://www.hoganassessments.com/executive-team). He has a Ph.D from the University of California and is a fellow of many different universities. Robert Hogan has quoted that between 50-75% of managers are bad managers and this is due to the fact that they can interview well based on technical knowledge but they have bad leadership skills. Therefore he believes his personality test can help to differentiate the good leaders from the good interviewees. Figure 1 shows an example output report generated by the HPI. According to the Hogan Personality Inventory Brochure the reports give the following information; how a candidate may react in various circumstances, the characteristics of participants and summarises the recommendation for job fit and potential hiring (http://www.hoganassessments.com/sites/default/files/assessments/pdf/HPI_Brochure.pdf). The graph in figure 1 shows how the person taking the test scores on each of the seven scales and shows whether the score is in the high, low or average percentile. Figure 1: An example HPI output report http://www.linkageinc.com/pdfs/Assessments/LFR_Potential.pdf%20HPI.pdf The report goes on to explain each of the scales in more detail, giving examples of characteristics of leaders with similar scores. For example in this sample report the person has a score of 72 for adjustment which is in the high percentile meaning this person can handle pressure well, not take criticism personally, expect to succed, be hard to coach and may overlook their mistakes. The report gives some of the implications of this type of leadership and for this example it is: compared to other leaders, your scores suggest that you usually maintain a positive attitude, stay in a good mood, remain patient with staff errors and mistakes, and persist in the face of challenges, frustration, and reversals. On the other hand, you may not realize when others are stressed, and may be reluctant to listen to negative feedback. (http://www.linkageinc.com/pdfs/Assessments/LFR_Potential.pdf%20HPI.pdf). There are 4 report formats which can be generated from the HPI. These are: a data report does not interpret the data in any way, career builder which gives the applicants strengths and weaknesses as well as improvement tips, management builder which gives suggestions on how the individual may be managed and the leadership forecast challenge report which analyses how an individuals scores are likely to affect their work and their leadership style (http://www.pantesting.com/pro ducts/Hogan/HPI.asp#). The HPI test consists of 206 true and false questions and one of the main features which the HPI boasts is that its questions are non-intrusive or invasive (http://www.hoganassessments.com/sites/default/files/assessments/pdf/HPI_Brochure.pdf). The HPI was created along the lines of the socio-analytic theory. The test therefore assumes that getting along with and getting ahead of others become the dominant themes in social life (http://www.psychpress.com.au/psychometric/talent-psychometric-testing.asp?hogan-HPI) Uses of the Hogan Personality Inventory Personnel Selection Finding the right person for the job Organisations are beginning to recognise the importance of finding a person who fits with their values, ideals and ways of working. Organisations are able to identify what skills a person has by looking at their qualifications and past experience but personality tests such as the HPI are able to help identify whether an applicant has the right personality to suit their organisation. Individual Assessment Individuals may use the HPI to help decide whether they are suited to a specific occupation or to decide whether they should consider further education (http://www.workreview.co.uk/whatis/whatisthehpi.asp). It can also be used to assess personal strengths and weaknesses determine the best method to develop careers by focusing on which skills need to be developed. Management Development Management could use the HPI to assess where their staffs skills could be developed to create a better and more productive work force. It can also be used to place people in teams, perhaps with one person more suited to leadership and the others with complimentary skill sets. Strengths of Using Personality Tests Personality tests are becoming more popular for selecting good employees. Rodney Warrenfeltz of Hogan Assessment Centres said hiring practices are commonly neglected as a key aspect of professional facility maintenance. Many now believe that the selection of the right employees is of key importance and the personality test industry is now worth $400 million-a-year as employers have begun to realise the value of good employees and costs of bad employees, one company estimated the cost of one bad employee as being an astounding $2.5M (http://www.csi-executivesearch.com/executive-search/cost-of-a-bad-hire.html). Personality tests can also withstand legal challenges meaning organisations can use this method to reject people without the risk of being sued for discrimination. Weaknesses of Using Personality Tests The validity and reliability of personality tests is often called into disrepute and some job seekers complain that having their whole personality judged on a couple of questions, does not show potential employers the scope of their whole personality. Personality tests are very costly to run and if the validity is dubious then organisations need to consider whether the results are worth the expense. A flaw affecting the validity of personality test results is that respondents may alter their answers to reflect what they believe the company is looking for. For example if a company an employee is applying for a job at has a reputation for having an autocratic leadership style then the applicant may alter their answers to a personality test to say they follow instructions well even if they dont. This would make the results of the test inaccurate and may end in the wrong employee being accepted. Detection of such inaccuracies is difficult as there is no way for an applicant to explain the reasoning behind their answers meaning that the organisation will not get the full picture of an employee. Strengths of the HPI The Hogan Personality Inventory is a popular test used by recruiters and in 1980, the HPI was the first instrument designed to measure personality and predict resulting behaviours in the workplace. A strength of the HPI is that it predicts the reputation and the opinions others have of a persons leadership style, not what the applicant thinks of their own management style. The HPI is very practical and according to the Hogan Assessment website the tests have a relatively short 15-20 minute completion time (http://www.hoganassessments.com/sites/default/files/assessments/pdf/HPI_Brochure.pdf). Other practical advantages include its online platform making it cost and time effective. The multiple choice format enables automated marking, making human interaction minimal. The test is available in a number of languages so the same test can be completed world-wide. This helps multi-national companies as applicants can be tested using the same platform increasing the validity of results as applicants can complete the test in their native tongue. The HPI is based on the Five-Factor Model. According to Costa and McCraes Theory when an individual is scored on these factors they will produce a complete picture of that persons personality (http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/13139/1/What-Is-the-Five-Factor-Model-of-Personality.html). Extensive research has been carried out on these factors and statistical evidence demonstrates that the Five Factor Model is high in validity and useful as a predictive tool (http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/13139/1/What-Is-the-Five-Factor-Model-of-Personality.html). The HPI has been based on over 500000 working adults, this is a fairly large base for the inventory to be normed on making the results more valid as these people have been tested from over 200 of the main industries. The validity of the tests is further proved with retest reliabilities ranging from .74 to .86. HPI archives have been kept since 1970 and it continues to be ones of the most widely accepted and used inventories for resear ch on personality (http://www.psychpress.com.au/psychometric/talent-psychometric-testing.asp?hogan-HPI). Weaknesses of the HPI The Hogan Personality Inventory is based on a series of true and false questions which doesnt allow people any allowance for expressing other opinions. In other words the answers that the people give when they are taking the test are very constricted. This means that the potential employees are unable to express their true feelings or explain their answers. As the Hogan Personality Inventory is validated on over 200 industries it could be argued that this is a key weakness of these personality tests. These assessments were designed to be general, apply to a wide range of situations (most were not specifically created for workplace application), and are not amenable to customisation. This approach means that the tests are to general to create a valid overview of a persons leadership capability for a specific role. Such measures employ a one size fits all approach, which (similar to clothing) does not provide a very good fit in most cases (http://www.evancarmichael.com/Sales/3147/Trouble-with-Personality-Tests.html) Another weakness of the Hogan Personality Inventory is that it is based on the Five Factor Model which has been reviewed as not explaining the whole of the human personality. Some argue that models such as the Cattells 16 Personality Factors (1946)Â  are more reflective of the humans personality as they take into account more aspects of a persons personality. These extra traits could involve religion, political views and other environmental factors. It could be argued that the Five Factor Model only provides a snapshot of a persons personality not a full picture (http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/13139/1/What-Is-the-Five-Factor-Model-of-Personality.html). Findings and Conclusions When researching the Hogan Personality Inventory it is very important to remember that it is a commercial entity and a lot of articles which I have read have been very biased and aimed at making the reader buy the product. Following on from this, there is very little literature outlining the weaknesses of the HPI, although there is a fair amount about the disadvantages of personality tests based on the Five Factor Model. Table 1 shows the British Psychological Societys review into the major psychometric tests, comparing them on their main ratings and their cost information. From this table the HPI scores highest against the other tests with a score of 19 while the only other test to come close to this is the Personality Inventory which scored 17 stars. Tech Overall quality of technical information, Valid Validity, Rely Reliability, Norms Normative Information, Cover Overall clarity and coverage of content. Table 1: The British Psychological Society (BPS) Review of Personality Instruments 2nd Edition Personality tests can have huge benefits for both organisations and the individuals. It can help management with employee selection and employee development and they can help individuals to identify areas of themselves which need improving. The practical nature of these tests can help to weed out unsuitable candidates quickly and easily and it is also a form of selection which can stand up in court. The HPI itself is a well known and trusted brand of test, due to the model which it is based on and the amount of working adults it is normed on. On the other hand, many individuals disagree with the use of personality tests in the selection process. The lack of ability to express reasoning behind answers means that many applicants feel constrained when answering the tests and many people are prone to faking their answers although Robert Hogan believes he has solved this problem with the HPI as he states that the data are quite clear-even when motivated to fake, peoples scores on the HPI dont change. (http://www.hoganassessments.com/blog/robert-hogan-phd/how-faking-impacts-personality-assessment-results). Instead he claims that instead of faking, people are engaging in a form of impression management and these results are more valid given the fact that they are gauging a persons reputation as a manager not their opinions of their own leadership styles. After evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of people using personality tests I can see organisations continuing to use them for the foreseeable future, especially as unemployment continues to rise and the ratio of people applying to the number of roles increases. It is a quick way to reject potentially unsuitable people and reduce an applications list easily. I would also conclude that the Hogan Personality Inventory is a valid test to use especially when used in conjunction with the other Hogan Assessments.

Study Of Aging And Care Health And Social Care Essay

The word â€Å" Aging † and â€Å" Old Age † are extremely subjective. â€Å" Aging † is defined as the clip from birth to the present for a life single, as measured in specific units ( John Anne ) . The significance of old and aging depend to a great extent on how old the talker is and that individual ‘s experiences. The procedure of aging is a complex 1 that can be described chronologically, physiologically, and functionally. Chronological age refers to the figure of old ages a individual has lived. Physiological age refers to the finding of age by organic structure map. Although age- related alterations affect everyone, it ‘s impossible to nail precisely when these alterations occur. Functional age refers to a individual ‘s ability to lend to society and profit others and himself. In an effort to farther specify the aging population, old age has been divided into chronological classs: Young-old ( ages 65 to 74 ) Middle-old ( ages 75 to 84 ) Old-old ( age 85 and older ) Demographic ripening is a planetary phenomenon. By 2025, the universe ‘s population is expected to include more than 830 million people at an age of 65 years. With a relatively immature population, India is still poised to go place to the 2nd largest figure of older individuals in the universe. Recent statistics related aged individuals in India ; showed that every bit many as 75 % 0f aged individuals were populating in rural countries. About 48.2 % of aged individuals were adult females, out of whom 55 % were widows. A entire 73 % of aged individuals were illiterate and dependent on physical labour. One tierce was reported to be populating below the poorness line, i.e. , 66 % of older individuals were in vulnerable state of affairs without equal nutrient, vesture, or shelter. About 90 % of the aged were from the unrecognised sector, i.e. , they have no regular beginning of income. The socio economic jobs of aged are now yearss aggravated by factors such as the deficiency of societal security and inadequate installations for wellness attention, rehabilitation etc The particular characteristics of aged population in increasing in the India are a bulk ( 80 % ) of them are in the rural countries, therefore doing service bringing a challenge, Feminization of the aged population ( 50 % 0f the aged population would be adult females by the 2016 ) , a big per centum ( 30 % ) of the aged are below poorness line. And another ground is Increase in the figure of the older ( individuals above 80 year ) . National sample study ( 2004 ) reveals that bulk of the aged in both rural ( 50. 20 % ) and urban ( 57.35 % ) countries are wholly dependent on others for economic support. About 15.20 % of the aged in rural countries and 13.71 % of the aged in the urban countries are partly dependent on others. Aging is a normal portion of human development. The forms of aging – what happens, how and when – vary greatly among older people. Although specific alterations are identified as portion of the normal aging procedure, each individual ages in his ain manner. As the old ages accumulate, people become more diverse instead than more similar, each influenced by physical, societal, and environmental factors. How a individual ages depends on a combination of both familial and environmental factors such as life experiences, available support systems, get bying accomplishments. Acknowledging that every person has his or her ain alone familial make-up and environment, which interacts with each other, helps us to understand why the aging procedure can happen at such different rates in different people. An overall, familial factor seems to be more powerful than environmental factors in the finding the big differences among people in aging and lifetime. The aging procedure will impact the old age people physically, psychologically, socially, spiritually. As ageing advancement, physically old age people become less active. Based on wear and tare theory of aging, degenerative alterations takes topographic point about in all the systems such as encephalon, cardio vascular system, respiratory system castanetss exposing the aged people to a greater grade of physical unwellnesss. As a individual ages, centripetal capablenesss such as hearing, vision, touch, gustatory sensation, and odor are deteriorating. Hearing and vision losingss are more disconcerting, because they straight affect ability to execute activities of day-to-day life, endanger the bodily safety, and distort communicating. Reports besides shows that Prevalence of chronic diseases among the aged in general seem to be really high. It is higher in the urban countries ( 55 % ) than in the rural countries ( 52 % ) . Onset of damage was 60 old ages or above 54 % ( balmy motor disablement ) to 69 % ( ocular damage ) of the aged patients. However, disablements are more common among aged females compared to male up to age 80, beyond which disablement becomes less due to increased figure of adult female aged. Psychosocially, due to the aging procedure old people are frequently down and experience loneliness. Because old people are frequently ill and tired and besides retired, old people normally do n't hold money, they must pass money for medicines. They ca n't eat a batch of dishes, because of wellness grounds ; liver, bosom and weak dentition. Old age people frequently have depressions and sometimes do n't desire to populate any longer due to the loss of partner. ( Miller, 2007 ) Aged people are extremely prone to mental morbidities due to ageing of the encephalon, jobs associated with physical wellness, intellectual pathology, socio – economic factors such as break down of the household support systems, and lessening in economic independency. The mental upsets that are often encountered include Dementia and Mood Disorders. Other upsets include neurotic and personality upsets, drug and intoxicant maltreatment, craze, and mental psychosis. Emotional upsets are the most common psychological issue faced by the aged people which result from the societal mal accommodations. Failure to accommodate consequences in resentment, inner backdown, depression, fatigue of life and even suicide. Sexual accommodations – After the age of 40, there is surcease of reproduction by adult females and decline of sexual activity on the portion of work forces. As a consequence, physical and emotional perturbation may happen. Jealousy, crossness are really common and frequent. Impaired memory, stiff mentality and opposition to alter are some of the mental alterations in the aged. The rapid urbanisation and societal modernisation has brought in a interruption down in household values and frame work of household support, economic insecurity, societal isolation, and aged maltreatment taking to a host of psychological unwellnesss. In the last decennaries joint household system was really common, with batch of household members about. In such a state of affairs the old age people got much attending from all their kids. Even after their retirement they were engaged with some other work like little shopping, traveling out with their expansive kids etc. , so they do n't experience lonely believing about themselves, and their jobs and aging procedure. Their kids besides provided attention to the parents. Today due to the socio cultural alterations the joint household form has changed to atomic 1s. And even if there is a joint household the members are restricted to 4 or 5. This has created great impact on the old age people as they are left entirely due to the higher instruction and settled occupations of their kids in abroad and now yearss even with the females working, they receive no attending at all. Some do direct fiscal aid for their parents but whereas, some do non even turn to hold expression towards their parents. Since the kids are off and no organic structure to care for them, they feel lonely, go down and more concerned about their wellness jobs much more. The development of old age places was based on back uping the old age people. There are old age places run by the authorities and non governmental organisations. Even though some old age places are giving proper attention with all installations to the people, some old age places are supplying merely shelter and nutrient, and there are no medical installations available. Harmonizing to national sample study ( 2002 ) , there were 728 Old age places in India. Out of these, 325 places are free of cost while 95 old age places are on wage & A ; stay installations. A sum of 278 old age places all over the state are available for the ill and 101 places are entirely for adult females. Kerala has 124 old age places which is the maximal in any province. Reports show that, admittance to a nursing place cause situational depression in the aged. Unfortunately every bit many as 50 per centum of all nursing place occupants are clinically depressed. Nursing place staff often fails to place depression in aged occupants, possibly because it is so prevailing, but it is non merely merely a normal portion of the aging procedure. It can be treated. Aged people remaining in old age place will hold concerns about personal jobs or state of affairs that can straiten their slumber. Emotional emphasis causes a individual to be tense and frequently leads to frustration when slumber does non come. Aged people often experiences losingss that lead to emphasize such as retirement, physical damage, and loss of loved one time. Due to physical jobs like hurting, take a breathing trouble, and emotional perturbations old age place occupants are sing hapless quality of slumber and psychological well-being. There are several surveies which bespeaking sleep fluctuation during old age. Dr. Michael Vitiello, ( 2009 ) stated that slumber starts to deteriorate in late in-between age and steadily erodes from so on. With aging, the proportion of entire sleep clip spent in deep ( stage 3 or 4 ) non rapid oculus motion sleep lessenings. The aged tend to hold more trouble falling and remaining asleep than younger grownups. The aged tend to fall asleep earlier in the eventide and awaken earlier in the forenoon. With aging, recovery from perturbations in the sleep-wake rhythm and in circadian beat tends to go more hard. Many drugs normally used by the aged and many upsets common among the aged can upset slumber. Since emotional perturbations and sleep want are more common among old age place occupants every one needs to develop methods for raising the relaxation response, the natural unwinding of the emphasis response. Relaxation lowers the blood force per unit area, respiration, and pulse rates, releases musculus tenseness, and eases emotional strains. During emphasis and anxiousness external respiration becomes shallow and rapid. Taking a deep breath is an automatic and effectual technique for weaving down. Deep external respiration exercises consciously escalate this natural physiological reaction and can be really utile during a nerve-racking state of affairs, or for keeping a relaxed province during the twenty-four hours and besides it promotes sleep, there by it improves the psychological well-being of the aged people. American doctor Edmund Jacobson ( 1920 ) argued that since musculus tenseness accompanies anxiousness, one can cut down anxiousness by larning how to loosen up the muscular tenseness. PMR entails a physical and mental constituent. Progressive relaxation involves alternately tensing and loosen uping the musculuss. A individual utilizing PMR may get down by sitting or lying down in a comfy place. With the eyes closed, the musculuss are tensed ( 10 seconds ) and relaxed ( 20 seconds ) consecutive through assorted parts of the organic structure. The whole PMR session takes about 30 proceedingss. Numerous controlled surveies have evaluated relaxation therapies for the intervention of insomnia. These surveies are chiefly combined with other methods such as biofeedback, sleep limitation, and self-contradictory purpose ( seeking non to kip ) . Overall, the grounds indicates that relaxation therapies may be slightly helpful for insomnia at that place by it helps to better the physical and psychological well being.Need FOR THE STUDYOld age people are like the tones of cognition and experience in your basket but their suggestion non suit for this coevals. ( Henry Donald ) Presently, in this modern universe there is a great diminution in the joint household system, less importance to the household values and reduced regard to aged people which consequences in economic insecurity, societal isolation, and aged maltreatment taking to increased figure of elderly destitute in India. As a consequence there are legion old age places has emerged as a new tendency to take care the aged in India, fundamentally it was the civilization followed in western states. Old age places are a necessity in the present twenty-four hours scenario as the younger coevals are remaining off from the parents due to occupation, instruction, settled in abroad and besides due to the scarceness of the resources to run into their demands ( like medical sweeps, nutrients etc ) . But old age places should see merely as a secondary option. Elders in the household are decidedly an plus. It is they who can leave the much needed ethical values and codification of behavior in the younger coevals. It is the duty of each and every citizen in India particularly wellness attention forces to safe guard life of aged people. We need to take immediate steps to better the quality of life of aged particularly those who do non hold anybody to take attention of them. Old age places should hold equal physical installations, nutrient, safety and security, and medical installations. Unfortunately non all the old age places are holding all the installations particularly the medical installations. Reports shows that about 50 per centum of all nursing place occupants are clinically depressed. And another common issue of aged people remaining in old age place is their slumber is disrupted by brief argus-eyed minutes typically enduring approximately 3 to 10 seconds. And besides they are holding job in falling asleep. The clip taken to kip after traveling to bed is prolonged. By bettering sleep and emotional stableness one can advance the psychosocial well-being and quality of life of aged people. Relaxation therapy is one of the best method to better concentration, emotional stableness and advancing slumber by easing organic structure and head and cut downing emphasis and anxiousness. From the literature reappraisal it is rather apparent that relaxation therapy is good to better the psycho societal well-being and quality of slumber. There are different techniques in transporting out the relaxation therapy and some of the technique has already been tried out in station operative hurting decrease, anxiousness decrease in India and in other states. Among all the relaxation techniques deep external respiration and progressive musculus relaxation a technique does non take much clip to execute, requires no particular equipments, except a composure and comfy topographic point to make the exercising. Both are really simple to learn and pattern by any age group. The research worker, during her clinical poster in geriatric ward, visited assorted old age places and community countries and found out that most of the aged people are enduring from wakefulness, and emotional perturbation, memory shortage, hapless concentration. They are really much worried about their jobs. There is a demand for effectual, low-priced intercessions that are ecologically acceptable and efficient. Old age place occupants are chiefly take attention by the geriatric nurse who is remaining along with them in old age place every bit good as in clinical scene. Old age place staffs need to take stairss to better the quality of life of aged people by loosen uping their head and organic structure and bettering their slumber. So the research worker wanted to make something for the benefit of this population. The research worker felt a demand to measure the consequence of deep external respiration and progressive musculus relaxation technique on bettering psycho societal well- being and quality of slumber in aged people remaining in old age place.STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:A survey to measure the effectivity of selected relaxation techniques on the degree of psychosocial well-being and quality of slumber among old age people in selected old age place at Coimbatore.AIM OF THE STUDYThe purpose of the survey is to measure whether relaxation technique make a difference in the degree of psychosocial well-being and slumber among old age people after the relaxation therapy compared to those who do non have relaxation therapy.Specific OBJECTIVESThe specific aims of the survey were, To measure and compare the degree of psychosocial well-being ( cognitive, emotional, societal, and religious well-being ) in the experimental and control group, before and after the intercession To measure and compare the quality of slumber in the experimental and control group before and after the intercession To tie in the selected demographic variables like age, gender, physical unwellness, supportive system with degree of psychosocial well-being and quality of slumberHypothesisH1: There will be a important difference in the average mark of psychosocial well-being in the experimental group before and after the intercession H2: There will be a important difference in the average mark of cognitive well-being in the experimental group before and after the intercession H3: There will be a important difference in the average mark of emotional well-being in the experimental group before and after the intercession H4: There will be a important difference in the average mark of societal well-being in the experimental group before and after the intercession H5: There will be a important difference in the average mark of religious well-being in the experimental group before and after the intercession H6: There will be a important difference in the quality of slumber in the experimental group before and after the intercession H7: There is important relation between degree of psychosocial well-being and quality of slumber in the experimental and control groupOPERATIONAL DEFINITIONSSleep: Sleep is a province of remainder in which the nervous system is inactive, the eyes are closed, the musculuss are relaxed and the head is unconscious. The features of slumber can be verbalized by a individual who experiences the slumber. In this survey, the self study of slumber is measured by standard Pittsburg sleep quality index graduated table Psycho Social Wellbeing: a subjective term that means different things to different people. A feeling of health by an person. In this survey it include the felling of health in psychological, societal, religious and behavioural facet of an person, which is measured by a modified ego reported psycho societal wellbeing assessment graduated table Cognitive well-being ; cognitive well-being is a subjective phenomena which reflects the ability of the single sing how to believe, comprehend, retrieve and larn facts and thoughts, which is measured by a modified ego reported psycho societal wellbeing assessment graduated table. Emotional well-being ; it is a subjective statement which reflects how positively an single feels, perceives, and reacts to the internal and external stimulations and it can be assessed by increasing bosom rate, respiration, BP. In this survey emotional well-being is measured by single mark obtained from modified psycho societal wellbeing assessment graduated table. Social well-being ; it is a subjective statement, which reflects how good an person is able to interact with the fellow people, is able to set to state of affairss, is able to keep positive societal position, is able to affect in group activities, which is measured by a modified ego reported psycho societal wellbeing assessment graduated table. Religious well-being: It is a subjective statement which reflects how an single perceives sing God, how of import does one see supplication to be in their life, which is measured by a modified ego reported psycho societal wellbeing assessment graduated table. Relaxation Techniques: It is individualized or combined, consistently executed exercisings, used to ease the organic structure and head by wind offing natural emphasis response therefore take downing the blood force per unit area, respiration and pulse rate, loosen uping the musculus and easing emotional strains. In this survey, relaxation techniques used are deep external respiration exercising and progressive musculus relaxation techniques. Deep Breathing Exercise is a technique of external respiration in which a individual inhale through nose slowly and deeply to the count of 10, where the tummy and venters expands, but the thorax does non lift up. Exhale through the oral cavity easy and wholly. Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique is an exercising, in which a individual sits in a chair comfortably.. He so tenses each musculus every bit tightly as he can, for a count of one to ten and so releases it wholly.Premise:1. Aging is a normal portion of human development. 2. The forms of aging vary greatly among older people. 3. Aging is an nonvoluntary procedure which alters normal biological, psychological and societal maps. 4. Psycho societal well-being of the older people will change based on certaidemographic factors such as Age, Sex, Education, available supportive system. 5. Variability in the sleep behaviours of older people is common.Restrictions:As sample size is little consequence can non be generalized Datas on psycho societal well-being and quality of slumber based on verbal study may non be a true contemplation of what they experience.Boundary lines:The survey is delimited to one old age place in Coimbatore. The survey is delimited to people in the age group 65-85 yearScope of the surveyThis survey will assist to measure the degree of psycho societal well-being and quality of slumber of the old age people remaining in old age place before and after the intercession. If there is important betterment in the degree of psycho societal well-being and quality of slumber, it is a clear indicant of effectivity of relaxation techniques. These relaxation techniques will be good for the aged people remaining in old age place. It can be easy implemented and taught by nurses who are employed in old age places every bit good as in geriatric ward in infirmaries.CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORKConceptual frame work refers to interconnected constructs or abstractions that are assembled together in some rational strategy by virtuousness of their relevancy to a common subject ( Polit Hunger – 1997 ) Theoretical theoretical account for this survey was derived from Callista Roy ‘s Adaptation Theory ( 1996 ) . Roy employs a feedback rhythm of input, throughput, and end product. Input is identified as stimulations, which can come from the environment or from within a individual. Stimuli are classified as focal ( instantly facing the individual ) , contextual ( all other stimulations, that are present ) or residuary ( non particular such as cultural beliefs or attitude about unwellness ) . Input besides includes a individual ‘s version degree ( the scope of stimulation to which a individual can accommodate easy. Through input we can do usage of a individual ‘s procedures and effecters. â€Å" Procedure † refers to the control mechanisms that a individual uses as an adaptative system. â€Å" Effecters † refers to the physiological map, self concept, and function map involved in version. In the adaptative system, the term â€Å" system † is defined as ego parts connected to work as a whole for some intent and it so by virtuousness of the mutuality of its parts. This has two major internal control procedure called â€Å" regulator † and â€Å" cognator † . Regulator bomber system consists of internal procedure including chemical, impersonal, and endocrine – transmit the stimulations, doing end product – physiological response, cognator and bomber system regulates self constructs, function map and inter dependance. End product is the result of the system ; when the system is a individual, end product is categorized as adaptative responses ( Those that promote a individual ‘s unity ) or uneffective responses ( those that do non advance end accomplishment ) these responses provide feedback for the system. The modified theoretical account in this survey explains the input as the focal stimulation viz. hapless psycho societal well-being and hapless quality of slumber. The contextual stimulation are age, sex, instruction, continuance of remaining in old age place, no of kids, presence of visitants. The get bying mechanism of the cognator subsystem occurs as a consequence of relaxation therapy. The experimental group is subjected to relaxation therapy. The adaptative responses among the experimental group of old age people show betterment in the psycho societal well-being and quality of slumber. The control group that has non undergone the relaxation therapy might non demo an effectual version. Figure – 1 high spots he conceptual model based on modified Roy ‘s version theoretical account. CHAPTER – ThreeRESEARCH METHODOLOGYMethodology of research organizes all the constituents of the survey in a manner that is most likely to take to valid replies to the bomber jobs that have been posed ( Burns and Grove, 2002 ) . It refers to assorted logical stairss that are by and large adopted by the research worker in analyzing the research job. This chapter presents the research design, puting, population, sample size and sampling technique, trying standards, tools used, building of the tools, cogency, dependability, pilot survey, and informations aggregation adopted for the survey.RESEARCH APPROACHThe research attack is an overall program chosen to transport out the survey. The choice of research attack is the basic process for the behavior of research enquiry. An appraising attack was used in this survey as the survey aimed at measuring the effectivity of selected relaxation techniques on psycho societal well being and quality of slumberRESEARCH DESIGNA quasi experimental pretest and station trial two group design was used to prove the effectivity of relaxation therapy over psycho societal well-being and slumber of old age people in old age place.Experimental group1st hebdomad 2nd hebdomad 3rd hebdomad 4th hebdomadO1 XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX O2Control groupO1 — — — — — — â €” — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — – O2 O1 Pre intercession appraisal of degree of psychosocial well-being and quality of slumber in experimental and control group. O2 station intercession appraisal of degree of psychosocial well-being and quality of slumber after 4 hebdomads in experimental and control group. Ten deep external respiration exercising and progressive musculus relaxation technique.Variables IN THE SurveyIndependent variable – selected relaxation techniques ( Deep external respiration exercising and progressive musculus relaxation technique ) Dependent variables _ Psycho Social Wellbeing ( cognitive, Emotional, Social and Spiritual ) and Quality of SleepSetting OF THE STUDYâ€Å" Puting † refers to the country where the survey is conducted. The scene for the survey was a selected old age place at Coimbatore. Entire population of the old age place is 150 members. It is managed by Samaritan sisters entirely for aged and destitute. The standard for the admittance in old age place are aged and destitute above 60 old ages. It is a service oriented place and no fees for stay and nutrient. A medical squad contains 1 general doctor and 2 nurses will see one time in a month to the place and provides medical service to the people. The old age place contains two separate block for male and female. Common dining hall, supplication hall, garden. In each block there are two floors – Land floor is called ill ward where aged bed ridden people are shacking. In first floor nomadic aged people are shacking.TARGET POPULATIONThe population under the survey was all the males and females were remaining in the old age place and fulfilled the standards for sample choice.SAMPLE SIZESample refers to a subset of population that is selected to take part in a peculiar survey ( Burns and Grove 2002 ) . In this survey the sample size consisted of 50 inmates of the old age place ( 25 samples in control group and 25 in experimental group ) .Sampling TechniqueThe samples who fulfilled the standards were selected by simple random sampling technique. Lot method was used to delegate the samples into experimental group and control group. Sampling CRITERIAInclusion standardsAged people both male and female in the age group of 65-85yrs Those who were willing to take part Those who were physically and mentally able to take part in the surveyExclusion standardsThose who were bed ridden unable to sit entirely and do exert Those who were mentally unqualified to follow the bids Un co-operative peopleResearch ToolThe tool used for the informations aggregation was An interview agenda organized in 3 parts. Part 1: Demographic informations consisted of personal information like age, sex, matrimonial position, instruction, continuance of stay in old age place, presence of relations, visitants and presence of physical unwellness, sentiment about immediate environment which include nutrient, safety and security and comfort. Part 2: Psycho societal wellbeing graduated table. It was prepared by the research worker with expert ‘s counsel by utilizing geriatric depression graduated table and WHO Health Related Quality of Life index graduated table. It was designed to measure the psycho societal well-being in four dimensions ( cognitive, emotional, societal and religious well-being ) . There are 6 points in each dimension. Some inquiries are positive and some negative. There are two columns ‘yes ‘ ‘no ‘ to enter the response. Positive inquiries were 2 and 3 in cognitive dimension, 1, 3 and 4 in emotional dimension, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in societal dimension, and all 6questions in religious dimension. Negative inquiries were 1, 4, 5 and 6 in cognitive dimension, 2, 5 and 6 in emotional dimension, 1 and 6 in societal dimension. Part 3: Pittsburg sleep quality index graduated table. It was standardized tool to measure quality of slumber. It has 9 points ( subjective slumber quality, sleep continuance, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep perturbation, usage of sleep medicines and twenty-four hours clip disfunctions, which subjectively describe the individual ‘s sleep quality for the month.Marking AND INTERPRETATION OF MarkingScoring – psycho societal well-being appraisalFor positive inquiries a response in the ‘yes ‘ column was given a mark of 1and in the ‘no ‘ column a mark of ‘0 ‘ was given. For negative inquiries a response in the ‘yes ‘ column was given a mark of 0 and in the ‘no ‘ column a mark of ‘1 ‘ was given. In all the dimensions the maximal mark was ‘6 ‘ and the minimal mark was ‘0 ‘ .The mark was interpreted as0 – 2 Poor 3 – 4 Moderate 5 – 6 Good It was same in all four dimensions ( cognitive, emotional, societal and religious well-being )Scoring – Pittsburg sleep quality index graduated tableIn hiting the Pittsburg sleep quality index graduated table, seven constituent tonss are derived, each scored ‘0 ‘ ( no trouble ) to 3 ( terrible trouble ) . The constituent tonss are summed to bring forth over all mark ( run 0 to 21 ) . In seven constituents each one is interpreted as 0 Very good 1 Reasonably good 2 Reasonably bad 3 Very badOverall PSQI MarkSum of seven constituents tonss & lt ; 5 – Good slumber quality & gt ; 5 – Poor sleep qualityDEVELOPMENT OF TEACHING PLAN ON DEEP BREATHING AND PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION TECHNIQUEDeep external respiration exercisingDeep external respiration is a powerful anti-stress technique. When we bring air down into the lower part of the lungs, where the O exchange is most efficient, bosom rate slows, blood force per unit area decreases, musculuss relax, anxiousness simplicities and the head composure.Progressive musculus relaxation techniqueProgressive Muscle Relaxation is a relaxation technique used to let go of emphasis by straining and so loosen uping each musculus group of the organic structure, one group at a clip. Deep external respiration and progressive musculus relaxation are basically a province of bring oning deep musculus relaxation of the whole organic structure and relaxed respiratory beat A instruction program on Deep external respiration and progressive musculus relaxation technique is prepared to assist people to larn the exercising.The undermentioned stairss were adopted to develop the instruction program1. Development of purpose and aims based on the survey aims 2. Choice of learning larning content 3. Choice of learning acquisition activities 4. Choice of Audio Visual Aids 5. Organization of the contentThe contents included were1. Basic constructs of deep external respiration exercising and progressive musculus relaxation technique 2. Advantages of deep external respiration exercising and progressive musculus relaxation technique 3. Presentation of the relaxation techniques 4. Practice and re presentation 5. Palingenesis 6. Direction to follow upDeep external respiration exercisingExhale wholly through your oral cavity, doing a whoosh sound. Near your oral cavity and inhale softly through your olfactory organ to a mental count of four. Keep your breath for a count of seven Exhale wholly through your oral cavity, doing a whoosh sound to a count of eight. This is one breath. Now inhale once more and reiterate the rhythm three more times for a sum of four breaths.Progressive musculus relaxation techniqueAfter the deep external respirationClench your fists. Keep for 7-10 seconds and so let go of for 15-20 seconds. Tighten your biceps by pulling your forearms up toward your shoulders and â€Å" doing a musculus † with both weaponries. Hold†¦ and so loosen up. Tighten your triceps — the musculuss on the bottoms of your upper weaponries — by widening your weaponries out directly and locking your cubituss. Hold†¦ and so loosen up. Strain the musculuss in your brow by raising your superciliums every bit far as you can. Keep†¦ and so loosen up. Imagine your forehead musculuss going smooth and hitch as they relax. Strain the musculuss around your eyes by clinching your palpebras tightly shut. Keep†¦ and so relax.A Imagine esthesiss of deep relaxation distributing all around them. Tighten your jaws by opening your oral cavity so widely that you stretch the musculuss around the flexible joints of your jaw. Tighten the musculuss in the dorsum of your cervix by drawing your caput manner back ; as if you were traveling to touch your caput to your dorsum ( be gentle with this musculus group to avoid hurt ) . Tighten your shoulders by raising them up as if degree Fahrenheit you were traveling to touch your ears. Hold†¦ and so loosen up. Tighten the musculuss around your shoulder blades by forcing your shoulder blades back as if you were traveling to touch them together. Tighten the musculuss of your thorax by taking in a deep breath. Clasp for up to 10 seconds†¦ and so let go of easy. Tighten your tummy musculuss by sucking your tummy in. Keep†¦ and so let go of. Imagine a moving ridge of relaxation distributing through your venters. Try to touch both elbows together behind your dorsum. imperativeness the little of your dorsum into the chair or floor Tighten your natess by drawing them together. Keep†¦ and so loosen up. Imagine the musculuss in your hips traveling loose and hitch. Widen your leg maintaining your pes relaxed, imperativeness the dorsum of your articulatio genus towards the floor Tighten your calf musculuss by-pulling your toes toward you ( flex carefully to avoid spasms ) . Hold†¦ and so loosen up. Tighten your pess by curving your toes downward. Keep†¦ and so loosen up. Mentally scan your organic structure for any residuary tenseness. If a peculiar country remains tense, reiterate one or two tense-relax rhythms for that group of musculus. The first bill of exchange of learning program is derived by maintaining in head the aims, literacy degree of the sample, and simpleness of the linguistic communication. The instruction program is developed in English and it is translated into Tamil ( appendix page no )DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOOLThe tool was developed based on the aims of the survey, Review of literature and treatment with expertsVALIDITY OF THE RESEARCH TOOLThe research tool including the aim of the survey along with the standards check list were submitted to five experts – three Nursing, one Geriatric doctor and one Clinical Psychologist. The three nursing experts were Professors with Masters Degree in Nursing and working in different colleges of nursing in Coimbatore with more than 5 old ages of experience. The geriatric doctor was working in a private infirmary in Coimbatore for more than 20 old ages. The Clinical Psychologist was working in a private infirmary in Coimbatore and had an experience crossing 15 old ages which included private pattern. Harmonizing to the expert ‘s sentiment alterations had been done and concluding proof done.RELIABILITY OF THE RESEARCH TOOLThe dependability of the psycho societal wellbeing assessment graduated table was tested by split half method. The trial was administered to 10 patients. Correlation co- efficient was calculated by Karl Pearson ‘s method. The obtained ‘r ‘ value was 0. 82 for overall psycho societal well being assessment graduated table Which confirmed that there was high positive correlativity and internal consistence of the tool.PILOT STUDY REPORTA pilot survey was conducted in the same old age place, where chief survey was intended to be carried out, to prove the feasibleness of survey. Permission was obtained from the concerned governments of the Old age place. The survey was carried out from 1 – 8 – 10 to 14 – 8 – 10, over a period of 14 yearss. 10 samples were selected, 5 in experimental and 5 in control group. Both male and female were included in this survey. The experimental and control group were selected by utilizing Simple Random Sampling technique – lottery method. After self debut, the research worker explained the nature of survey to the samples. After developing good resonance, the research worker collected the baseline informations on psychosocial well-being and quality of slumber of the samples for the past one month by questioning the samples separately. Deep Breathing and Progressive Muscle Relaxation techniques were taught and demonstrated to the 5 samples of the experimental group as a group learning and they were asked to re-demonstrate. The relaxation therapy was carried out for 30 proceedingss every twenty-four hours and it was continued for 14 yearss in the presence of research worker. On the 14th twenty-four hours the research worker conducted the Post trial was conducted by the research worker by utilizing same tool. The tools used were Psychosocial Wellbeing Assessment tool and The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The Psychosocial Wellbeing appraisal tool is holding 4 dimensions – Cognitive, Emotional, Social and Spiritual. The dependability of each dimensions were checked and the overall dependability of the tool was checked. The overall dependability of the tool was 0.82. Pilot survey proved the adequateness of the tools and techniques. Hence no alterations were required.DATA COLLECTION PROCEDUREThe chief survey was conducted in the same old age place where the pilot survey was conducted. Before beginning of informations aggregation one time once more the old age place authorization was informed and permission obtained. A hall was arranged for showing the exercising. Based on the sampling standards and technique 25 samples were selected for experimental group and the same figure of samples was selected for control group. After set uping good resonance and obtaining their willingness the research worker explained the intent of the survey ; obtain the willingness and engagement in the survey. By utilizing psycho societal well being assessment graduated table, and Pittsburg sleep Quality Index baseline information was collected from both group. The following twenty-four hours onwards the research worker stayed in the old age place from 5 – 6 autopsy. The experimental group was divided into two subgroups, male and female individually. harmonizing to learning program relaxation therapy taugt and demonstrated seperately for male and female in 2 session. The old age people were asked to re-demonstrate and carryout the exercisings 30 proceedingss a twenty-four hours for 30 yearss in the presence of research worker. For control group no intercession was given. In both groups, On 30th twenty-four hours the research worker conducted the station trial by utilizing the same tool collected on degree of psycho societal well-being and quality of slumber. The survey was done from 15 – 8 – 2009 to 15 – 9 – 2009.Plan FOR DATA ANALYSISThe information obtained would be analyzed in footings of the aims of the survey utilizing descriptive and illative statistics.Descriptive statistics:Frequency and per centum distribution were used to analyse demographic variables, to measure the degree of psycho societal well-being, and quality of slumber of experimental and control group before the intercession. Mean and standard divergence were used to find the difference in degree of psycho societal well-being, and quality of slumber.Inferential statistics:‘t ‘ trial was used to find the important of the difference in degree of psycho societal well-being and quality of slumber. ‘Chi square ‘ trial was used to tie in the demographic variables with degree of psycho societal well-being and quality of slumber.

Jesus Christ Essay

In most part of the world, Jesus Christ is not a stranger in concept and in fame. Some books in the Holy Bible were even devoted to discussing and retelling the life of Jesus Christ. It could be seen then that the main writers or proponents regarding the accounting of Jesus’ life and works were written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. These four writers wrote the first four books that could be found in the New Testament. As was mentioned earlier, these books were dedicated in telling the readers about Jesus and how He had come to dominate a part of the world with His teachings. In the book written by Joseph Girzone, he had recreated the stories that could be found in the first books of the New Testament and made it reader friendly. In a way, the author had omitted the things that are not part of the story of Jesus’ life and teachings. He then had patched up or combined the books in chronological order, from the birth of Jesus Christ to His death and Resurrection. The first thought that came into my mind is that the book is not completely different than what could be found in the Bible. However, the advantage of having this book is that it is already arranged in a way that would not confuse the readers. The book, ‘Jesus, His Life and Teachings: As Recorded by His Friends Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John,’ could be used by those who are only interested in knowing the life of Christ and also His teachings. A person could refer to the Bible, of course, but this book makes it easier to read since the chronological aspect of Jesus’ stories are already laid down. It was said that Joseph Grizone had already written books where Joshua is the character and since more and more people are turning towards his concept of Joshua, he then tried to resolve this by publishing the life of Jesus in the light of the Joshua fame (Maudlin). The book then was published in order to counter the influence of Grizone’s Joshua. It was not surprising that Grizone’s character had clicked among the people since most of the people are looking for an example that is highly mortal in disposition. The first point of the book then is the story concerning the birth of Jesus Christ. Naturally, this aspect of the book covers the story of how Mary was already engaged to Joseph and how Mary was visited by an angel to impart the good news (Girzone). As a chosen woman, she then would carry Jesus in her womb through the Immaculate Conception. Another aspect of the book is Jesus’ journey in spreading the word of God. It could be seen, or read rather, that Jesus had travelled widely with his apostles and wherever He went, blessings and lessons could be received. There were numerous instances where Jesus had swayed the masses towards His cause just by doing the works of God. This is where His popularity had grown. Along with His popularity then, persecution and accusations had then arisen along with the suspicion of the authenticity of Jesus’ principles. With the persecution, Jesus then had to undergo hardships from the so-called leaders of the time and was incriminated to die through crucifixion. These hardships could be seen as Jesus’ Passion. This is where Jesus had to walk along the street and carry the burden of the cross. He was asked to renounce His teachings but Jesus did not try to defend Himself nor revoke what He had already shared about His Father. He then had to suffer publicly and die in the cross. In every beginning there is an ending. But this could not be the holistic case of Jesus Christ. He may have died during the crucifixion but He resurrected from the dead and descended into Heaven to claim His spot beside His true Father. This concept of resurrection is important for the believers since it is the sign that Jesus had already left the mortal domain and went to Heaven. Also, this concept would also entail that the Holiness of Jesus could no longer be contested by those who had persecuted Him. It was said that who shall ever believe in Him (Jesus) shall be saved. In this light, Jesus then became the bridge that would cover the gap that man has with God. The book may not have any difference at all from those that are from the New Testament but what Grizone did was to combine the efforts of the four disciples and retold the greatest story. Having a subject about the New Testament, the book could be very helpful especially when some parts of the New Testament contain the story of Jesus Christ. A big bulk in studying the New Testament is the part where God had sent His own Son to save us, the sinners. The book then could provide a simple and easy access for the students who want to know the story. However, it should be noted that not all of the contents in the New Testament were included in Grizone’s book so it should be considered that there could be other sources that can be used. The main point here though is that Grizone’s retelling of Jesus’ story is a much easier version to understand especially when he had already incorporated what Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John had written in the first four books of the New Testament.

Mt Saint Helans essays

Mt Saint Helans essays height: 2,549 meters or 8,364 feet - 9,677 feet before May 18, 1980 Number of eruptions in past 200 years: 2-3 Latest Eruptions: Between 1660-1700, around 1800-1802, 1831, 1835, 1842-1844, 1847-1854, 1857, 1980-? Present thermal activity: strong steaming Remarks: continuous intermittent activity since 1980 with occasional eruptions of steam and ash; occasional pyroclastic flows; intermittent dome forming. MSH is considered a young volcano that developed over the last 40,000 years and is one of the most active volcanoes in the Cascade Range. Geologists predicted that the volcano would erupt before the year 2000. The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount SH was the most destructive in the history of the United States. In a matter of hours, MSH caused loss of lives and widespread destruction of valuable property because of the avalanche, lateral blast and mudflows. On March 20, 1980, starting with an earthquake that was followed by many others, MSH became active again after a quiet period of 123 years. On March 27, 1980, there was a huge explosion and MSH began blowing ash and steam. This lasted until May 14, 1980. The explosion in March opened up two craters that quickly became one huge crater. While this was happening, an enormous bulge on the north side of the mountain top appeared. It grew about six feet each day. Geologist kept measuring the bulge, recording the earthquakes and sampling the ash and gases. By May, the bulge was 300 feet wide and more than one mile in length. On May 18 at 8:32 in the morning, Mount St.. Helens erupted taking the top 1,200 feet off the volcano. The eruption went on until nightfall. The area of destruction was 230 square miles and was one of the largest landslides ever recorded in history. The blast was preceded by two months of intense activity that included over 10,000 earthquakes, hundreds of small phreatic (steam blasts) , explosions and the north side bulge. A magnitude 5.1 earthquake bel...

Severe Emotional Disturbances (SED) Classrooms

Severe Emotional Disturbances (SED) Classrooms Self-contained classrooms for students designated with emotional disturbances need to create a structured and safe environment for students with behavioral and emotional disabilities to learn appropriate ways to interact with peers and adults. The final goal of a self-contained program is for students to exit and join the general education population in regular classrooms. Students with SEDs may be included in general education classrooms with support from a special educator. In many cases, when a students behavior puts him or herself at risk or threatens typical peers, they may be placed in self-contained settings. Sometimes, when children have come to the attention of law enforcement because of violent or destructive behavior, they may return from some form of confinement to a residential program. Decisions are often made on LRE (Least Restrictive Environment) based on the safety of the student, peers, and teachers. Because these special placements are very expensive, many school districts look to self-contained programs to help students with Severe Emotional Disturbances re-enter the general education population. Critical Elements of a Successful Classroom Structure, Structure, Structure: Your classroom needs to exude structure. Desks should be in rows, evenly spaced (maybe even measure and mark each spot with tape) and should be aligned so that students cannot make faces at each other. Trust me, theyll try. Classroom rules and reinforcement charts need to be clearly displayed. Be sure that all materials or resources are easily available, and that your classroom layout requires as little movement as possible. Students with Emotional Disturbances will use sharpening a pencil as an opportunity to annoy a neighbor. Routines: I make no bones about the fact that I am a devotee of Harry Wongs excellent book, The First Days of School, which lays out ways to create routines for a classroom to run smoothly. You teach the routines, you practice the routines, and then you make very sure that everyone (even you) follows the routines and executes them with fidelity. Routines require a teacher to anticipate the sorts of challenges he or she will meet. Its wise for new teachers or new emotional support teachers to ask a veteran special educator to help them anticipate the kinds of problems that you will meet in an Emotional Disturbance program so you can build routines that will avoid those pitfalls. A Token Economy: A lottery system works well in general education classrooms to reward and reinforce appropriate behavior, but students in an Emotional Disturbance classroom need ongoing reinforcement for appropriate replacement behavior. A token economy can be designed in a way that connects it to individual behavior plans (BIP) or a behavior contract to identify target behaviors. Reinforcement and Consequences: A self contained classroom needs to be rich in reinforcers. They can be preferred items, preferred activities, and access to the computer or media. Make it clear that these reinforcers can be earned through following rules and appropriate behavior. Consequences also need to be clearly defined and clearly explained so students know what those consequences are and under what circumstances they are put in place. Obviously, students cant be allowed to suffer natural consequences, (i.e. if you run in the street you get hit by a car) but instead should experience logical consequences. Logical Consequences are a feature of Adlerian psychology, popularized by Jim Fay, co-author of Parenting with Love and Logic. Logical consequences have a logical connection to the behavior: if you tear up your shirt during a rant, you get to wear my ugly, ill-fitting shirt. Reinforcement needs to be things that your students actually find important enough to work for: although age appropriate is the mantra of the day, if behavior is extreme, the most important factor has to be that it works. Create menus of appropriate reinforcers from which students can choose. Choose or design reinforcers that you can pair with replacement behaviors. For example, a certain number of days with a certain number of points, and the student gets to eat lunch in the lunch room with a partner class. A certain number of day with a certain number of points might also earn a student the opportunity to invite a typical peer to play a game in the ED room.

McBride Financial Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

McBride Financial Services - Essay Example Market Research is a process of systemically collecting, recording and analyzing information concerning a specific marketing problem. Undertaking a research plays a very important role, especially to new businesses. In fact, 70% of all new products fail within a year because of poor marketing1. McBride Financial services should collect facts and figures from the primary as well as the secondary data. Primary data are information collected from original sources, while secondary data are facts and figures collected by some other person or organization. Examples of the primary data are: questionnaire data collection, which includes interviews, focus groups, surveys and questionnaires; observational data collection, either through a personal or mechanical observation and the experimental data collection by conducting laboratory and field tests2. Since the company offers financial services, hence it should obtain information through the questionnaire data collection. With this information , the business is able to identify the customer’s wants as well as their opinions. Hence McBride financial services is better able to be more responsive to its target market and thus risk of market failure decreases while sales and profits will increase. Conducting this action will also establish a closer business-customer relationship and hence customers would feel more satisfied and valued. Satisfied customers may lead to repeating sales and may also lead to a word-of-mouth advertising, which is more effective and also cheaper. In fact, a research showed that 1 dissatisfied customer tells 11 others who then tell 5 others3. Secondary data are cheaper and faster to obtain but may not be as responsive to the marketing problem as the primary data collection. Examples include: Statistics, magazines, government and industry reports, sales figures, financial statements, etc2. After conducting the market research, the company should undertake a statistical comparative

VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER - Essay Example Thesis statement: The stylistic features in the artwork named as Fox Games, by the renowned artist named as Sandy Skoglund, prove that the artist combined different elements of art (composition), provided importance to the usage of contrasting colors (color), the decision to use light/shadow determines the artwork’s visual beauty, perspective provides depth to the theme, figures help the viewers to evaluate the differences among different figures, pose elevates the artwork from predictability to originality, and gestures provide charm to the work as a whole. One can see that unity is the basic element of composition within visual art. As this term (composition) is superimposed into the scenario of the artwork-Fox Games (see appendix-1), is evident that the artwork can be easily detached as animate objects (fox and human beings) and inanimate objects (chairs, tables, chandelier, table cloth, food etc) and enjoyed differently. Still, there is a symmetrical connection among these visual elements in general. Similarly, the sense of movement is visible in the artwork because the foxes dominate the artwork as a whole. For instance, the presence of foxes is symbolic of fast movement, and the human images/figures in the artwork are symbolic of slow movement. On the other side, the chandelier is the focal point of the artwork and this is symbolic of the division between two worlds in general. The basic pattern within the artwork proves that the artist is obsessed with curved and straight lines. For instance, the basic proportion of the room is s ymbolic of straight lines and the table cloth (curved lines) and other elements are symbolic of the wise usage of pattern within the artwork. Similarly, Skoglund provides ample importance to proportion and the same is evident in the proportionate alignment of objects in the artwork. So, it is evident that the artist provides ample importance to composition, and the